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This document describes how to develop printer drivers for raster printers. Topics include: printer driver basics, creating new PPD files, using filters, implementing color management, and adding macOS features.

Contents

Printer Driver Basics

A CUPS raster printer driver consists of a PostScript Printer Description (PPD) file that describes the features and capabilities of the device, one or more filter programs that prepare print data for the device, and zero or more support files for color management, online help, and so forth. The PPD file includes references to all of the filters and support files used by the driver.

Every time a user prints something the scheduler program, cupsd(8), determines the format of the print job and the programs required to convert that job into something the printer understands. CUPS includes filter programs for many common formats, for example to convert Portable Document Format (PDF) files into CUPS raster data. Figure 1 shows the data flow of a typical print job.

The raster filter converts CUPS raster data into a format the printer understands, for example HP-PCL. CUPS includes several sample raster filters supporting standard page description languages (PDLs). Table 1 shows the raster filters that are bundled with CUPS and the languages they support.

The optional port monitor handles interface-specific protocol or encoding issues. For example, some raster printers use the 1284.4 communications protocol.

The backend handles communications with the printer, sending print data from the last filter to the printer and relaying back-channel data from the printer to the upstream filters. CUPS includes backend programs for common direct-connect interfaces and network protocols, and you can provide your own backend to support custom interfaces and protocols.

The scheduler also supports a special 'command' file format for sending maintenance commands and status queries to a printer or printer driver. Command print jobs typically use a single command filter program defined in the PPD file to generate the appropriate printer commands and handle any responses from the printer. Figure 2 shows the data flow of a typical command job.

Raster printer drivers must provide their own command filter.

Creating New PPD Files

We recommend using the CUPS PPD compiler, ppdc(1), to create new PPD files since it manages many of the tedious (and error-prone!) details of paper sizes and localization for you. It also allows you to easily support multiple devices from a single source file. For more information see the 'Introduction to the PPD Compiler' document. Listing 1 shows a driver information file for several similar black-and-white HP-PCL5 laser printers.

Listing 1: 'examples/laserjet-basic.drv'

Using Filters

The standard CUPS raster filters can be specified using theDriverType directive, for example:

Table 1 shows the driver types for each of the standard CUPS raster filters. For drivers that do not use the standard raster filters, the 'custom' type is used with Filter directives:

Implementing Color Management

CUPS uses ICC color profiles to provide more accurate color reproduction. The cupsICCProfile attribute defines the color profiles that are available for a given printer, for example:

where 'ColorModel.MediaType.Resolution' defines a selector based on the corresponding option selections. A simple driver might only define profiles for the color models that are supported, for example a printer supporting Gray and RGB might use:

The options used for profile selection can be customized using the cupsICCQualifier2 and cupsICCQualifier3 attributes.

Since macOS 10.5Custom Color Matching Support

macOS printer drivers that are based on an existing standard RGB colorspace can tell the system to use the corresponding colorspace instead of an arbitrary ICC color profile when doing color management. The APSupportsCustomColorMatching and APDefaultCustomColorMatchingProfile attributes can be used to enable this mode:

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Adding macOS Features

macOS printer drivers can provide additional attributes to specify additional option panes in the print dialog, an image of the printer, a help book, and option presets for the driver software:

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