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Related Glossary Terms
Article by Anca Pty Ltd.
Coming to the aid of a medical system crushed worldwide by the pandemic, Anca Pty Ltd. has joined an important consortium to rapidly manufacture invasive ventilators in Australia. This initiative directly addresses the critical supply of mechanical ventilation equipment to support COVID-19 patients requiring ventilation to survive. Banding together with other Australian manufacturing businesses, the consortium can harness various industry capabilities to make more ventilators sooner.
Building on over 45 years of innovation, ANCA has taken its industry know-how to pivot to COVID-19 related manufacturing to support national efforts to produce more ventilators. ANCA’s dedicated project team will draw on the skills and experience of engineers and manufacturing production teams to support this venture while maintaining business-as-usual production, service and support for its global customers.
Co-founder and managing director, Pat Boland said: “ANCA is an advanced manufacturer that supplies to a wide range of industries, a key one being the medical industry. In fact, ANCA has been classified in the U.S. as an essential industry because so many of our customers are manufacturing medical components.”
ANCA is an Australian manufacturer of CNC machines that produce quality precision cutting tools. Their experience in advanced manufacturing means they can guarantee a micron precision, a capability which means the company could pivot and utilise its machine shop to manufacture parts for the ventilators. An Australian-based company, ANCA exports 98% of their product and boasts a global network to service global customers. Fully Australian and privately owned, ANCA machines have the capacity to machine components in brass, aluminium, plastic and steel and has skilled assembly capabilities.
Pat adds: “ANCA is Melbourne based, and we are very excited by the prospect of being involved with a home grown project and helping make a contribution to the manufacturing industry; making ventilator components and sub-assemblies to support urgent medical requirements.”
Around the world it is predicted that total demand for ventilators could run into the tens of thousands, with existing manufacturers unable to meet demand.
“This is a global emergency and in my view it is incumbent on every individual in every organization to do everything they can to help deal with it. And in the case of ANCA, we have capabilities that are a good match and it’s the right thing to do. We are very good at manufacturing the kind of parts that are needed for ventilators and it is a really great way for us as an organization to give something back to the community,” said ANCA Group CEO, Chris Hegarty.
Chris continued: “ANCA is a global company, but while we do have some resources offshore for manufacturing, most of our engineering is in Australia and a significant proportion of our manufacturing capabilities are here as well; so that’s why we are able to help.”
With production already in progress to meet tight timeframes; ANCA has hit the ground running with dedicated machinists willingly working weekends and over the Easter break to make parts and help combat coronavirus.
Production Operations manager, Mark Patman explains: “With an extremely tight timeframe, we’ve jumped in and started manufacturing the parts; it’s a team effort across the business to get it done. As a well-established global business, a lot of the processes required to deliver this type of project are already in place at ANCA. We can leverage off all our systems to be able to deliver the project.”
ANCA is utilizing a cross-functional team comprising manufacturing, supply chain, project management, stores logistics, and safety to support this crucial work. Renesas driver download.
Demonstrating agility in moving from machine tools to ventilators ANCA already has a working relationship with the AMGC and is pleased to be collaborating with Grey Innovation to ensure that Australia does not have a shortfall in ventilators, critical for our COVID-19 response. Answering the call from the Australian Government, rapid production will continue to supply contracts and contribute to the coronavirus crisis strategy.
script
In some operating systems, including Unix, a pseudoterminal, pseudotty, or PTY is a pair of pseudo-devices, one of which, the slave, emulates a hardware text terminal device, the other of which, the master, provides the means by which a terminal emulator process controls the slave.
The PTY feature is part of POSIX and the Single Unix Specification in the form of a posix_openpt() function since 1998.[1]
History[edit]
Pseudoterminals were present in the DECPDP-6 Timesharing Monitor at least as early as 1967, and were used to implement batch processing.[2][unreliable source?] They are described in the documentation for the succeeding TOPS-10 on the PDP-10.[3] Other DEC operating systems also had PTYs, including RSTS/E for the PDP-11, as did the third-party TENEX operating system for the PDP-10.
Unix pseudoterminals originated in 1983 during the development of Eighth Edition Unix and were based on a similar feature in TENEX.[4] They were part of the 4.2 release of BSD, with a rather cumbersome openpty()
interface defined for use.[5]
AT&T's System V included support for pseudoterminals as a driver in their STREAMS device model, along with the pseudoterminal multiplexer (/dev/ptmx). This later evolved to become the Unix98 style of PTYs.
The Linux Programming Interface from 2010 contains an entire chapter (chapter 64 'Pseudoterminals' p1375–1399.) explaining pseudoterminals. Then there is another one, Chapter 62 'Terminals', dedicated to terminals.
The Windows Console was extended to have a PTY interface called ConPTY in 2018.[6]
Applications[edit]
The role of the terminal emulator process is:
- to interact with the user,
- to feed text input to the master pseudo-device for use by the shell (such as bash), which is connected to the slave pseudo-device,
- to read text output from the master pseudo-device and show it to the user.
The terminal emulator process must also handle terminal control commands, e.g., for resizing the screen. Widely used terminal emulator programs include xterm, GNOME Terminal, Konsole, and Terminal (macOS). Remote login handlers such as ssh and telnet servers play the same role but communicate with a remote user instead of a local one. Also consider programs such as expect.
Screen and Tmux are used to add a session context to a pseudoterminal, making for a much more robust and versatile solution. Metrocount Port Devices Driver download. For example, each provides terminal persistence, allowing a user to disconnect from one computer and then connect later from another computer.
Variants[edit]
In the BSD PTY system, the slave device file, which generally has a name of the form /dev/tty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]
, supports all system calls applicable to text terminal devices. Thus it supports login sessions. The master device file, which generally has a name of the form /dev/pty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]
, is the endpoint for communication with the terminal emulator. With this [p-za-e]
naming scheme, there can be at most 256 tty pairs. Also, finding the first free pty master can be racy unless a locking scheme is adopted. For that reason, recent BSD operating systems, such as FreeBSD, implement Unix98 PTYs.[7]
BSD PTYs have been rendered obsolete by Unix98 ptys whose naming system does not limit the number of pseudo-terminals and access to which occurs without danger of race conditions. /dev/ptmx
is the 'pseudo-terminal master multiplexer'. Opening it returns a file descriptor of a master node and causes an associated slave node /dev/pts/N
to be created.[8]
References[edit]
- ^
posix_openpt
– System Interfaces Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group - ^'Google Groups'. groups.google.com.
- ^PDP-10 Timesharing Monitors Programmer's Reference Manual section 5.10
- ^Ritchie, D. M. 'A stream input-output system'. AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal. 63 (8): 1897–1910. CiteSeerX10.1.1.48.3730.
- ^
openpty(3)
– FreeBSD Library Functions Manual - ^'Introducing the Windows Pseudo Console (ConPTY)'. Windows Command Line DevBolgs. 3 August 2018.
- ^
pty(4)
– FreeBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual - ^
pts(4)
– Linux Programmer's Manual – Special Files
External links[edit]
- Containers, pseudo TTYs, and backward compatibility, LWN.net, June 1, 2016, by Neil Brown